> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://a.b.cr/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://a.b.cr/dictionary/alphabet/ffmpeg.md).

# FFmpeg

## Usage

### Cut Video

```shell
ffmpeg -ss 00:00:07.2 -to 00:00:12 -i input.mov output.mp4
```

Some people will have problems with the black frames at the beginning/end of the procedure video, the parameter `-c copy` may be the trouble-maker. the following reason may help you fix the problem.

> When specifying `-c copy`, ffmpeg will cut the video without modifying the actual bitstream. In other words, it will take the frames as-is and copy them to the output file. In some cases (simply put, when the starting time does not correspond to an [I-frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-frame_coding)), ffmpeg needs to include some more frames that are needed to properly decode the first frame to be displayed. Those will get a negative timestamp, so they shouldn't be shown.
>
> Reference: [Black frames at beginning of video file when file cut](https://superuser.com/a/1222834)

### Video to GIF

```shell
ffmpeg -i output.mp4 -vf "fps=10,scale=320:-1:flags=lanczos,split[s0][s1];[s0]palettegen[p];[s1][p]paletteuse" -loop 0 output.gif
```

I simply use the answer from google, and this works well, no in-depth research.

Reference: [How do I convert a video to GIF using ffmpeg, with reasonable quality?](https://superuser.com/a/556031)

### Combine Multiple M3U8 Files into a Single File

For combining multiple M3U8 files into a single AAC audio file, you can use the following FFmpeg command:

```sh
ffmpeg -i example.m3u8 -c copy output.aac
```

This command copies the audio codec from the input M3U8 files without encoding, resulting in a consolidated AAC file named `output.aac`.


---

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