2022-05-28

190. Reverse Bits

Description

Reverse bits of a given 32 bits unsigned integer.

Note:

• Note that in some languages, such as Java, there is no unsigned integer type. In this case, both input and output will be given as a signed integer type. They should not affect your implementation, as the integer's internal binary representation is the same, whether it is signed or unsigned.

• In Java, the compiler represents the signed integers using 2's complement notation. Therefore, in Example 2 above, the input represents the signed integer -3 and the output represents the signed integer -1073741825.

Example 1:

Input: n = 00000010100101000001111010011100
Output:    964176192 (00111001011110000010100101000000)
Explanation: The input binary string 00000010100101000001111010011100 represents the unsigned integer 43261596, so return 964176192 which its binary representation is 00111001011110000010100101000000.

Example 2:

Input: n = 11111111111111111111111111111101
Output:   3221225471 (10111111111111111111111111111111)
Explanation: The input binary string 11111111111111111111111111111101 represents the unsigned integer 4294967293, so return 3221225471 which its binary representation is 10111111111111111111111111111111.

Constraints:

• The input must be a binary string of length 32

Follow up: If this function is called many times, how would you optimize it?

Solution

Approach #0

func reverseBits(num uint32) uint32 {
    var res uint32
    for i := 0; i < 32 && num > 0; i++ {
        res |= num & 1 << (31 - i)
        num >>= 1
    }
    return res
}

Approach #1: Divide And Conquer

Without reading the official solution, this approach will never come into my mind...

const (
    m1 = 0x55555555 // 01010101010101010101010101010101
    m2 = 0x33333333 // 00110011001100110011001100110011
    m4 = 0x0f0f0f0f // 00001111000011110000111100001111
    m8 = 0x00ff00ff // 00000000111111110000000011111111
)

func reverseBits(n uint32) uint32 {
    n = n>>1&m1 | n&m1<<1
    n = n>>2&m2 | n&m2<<2
    n = n>>4&m4 | n&m4<<4
    n = n>>8&m8 | n&m8<<8
    return n>>16 | n<<16
}

136. Single Number

Description

Given a non-empty array of integers nums, every element appears twice except for one. Find that single one.

You must implement a solution with a linear runtime complexity and use only constant extra space.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [2,2,1]
Output: 1

Example 2:

Input: nums = [4,1,2,1,2]
Output: 4

Example 3:

Input: nums = [1]
Output: 1

Constraints:

• 1 <= nums.length <= 3 * 10^4

• -3 * 10^4 <= nums[i] <= 3 * 10^4

• Each element in the array appears twice except for one element which appears only once.

Solution

Approach #0

func singleNumber(nums []int) int {
    res := 0
    for _, num := range nums {
        res ^= num
    }
    return res
}

1021. Remove Outermost Parentheses

Description

A valid parentheses string is either empty "", "(" + A + ")", or A + B, where A and B are valid parentheses strings, and + represents string concatenation.

• For example, "", "()", "(())()", and "(()(()))" are all valid parentheses strings.

A valid parentheses string s is primitive if it is nonempty, and there does not exist a way to split it into s = A + B, with A and B nonempty valid parentheses strings.

Given a valid parentheses string s, consider its primitive decomposition: s = P1 + P2 + ... + Pk, where Pi are primitive valid parentheses strings.

Return s after removing the outermost parentheses of every primitive string in the primitive decomposition of s.

Example 1:

Input: s = "(()())(())"
Output: "()()()"
Explanation: 
The input string is "(()())(())", with primitive decomposition "(()())" + "(())".
After removing outer parentheses of each part, this is "()()" + "()" = "()()()".

Example 2:

Input: s = "(()())(())(()(()))"
Output: "()()()()(())"
Explanation: 
The input string is "(()())(())(()(()))", with primitive decomposition "(()())" + "(())" + "(()(()))".
After removing outer parentheses of each part, this is "()()" + "()" + "()(())" = "()()()()(())".

Example 3:

Input: s = "()()"
Output: ""
Explanation: 
The input string is "()()", with primitive decomposition "()" + "()".
After removing outer parentheses of each part, this is "" + "" = "".

Constraints:

• 1 <= s.length <= 105

• s[i] is either '(' or ')'.

• s is a valid parentheses string.

Solution

Approach #0

func removeOuterParentheses(s string) string {
    var res, stack []rune
    for _, ch := range s {
        if ch == ')' {
            stack = stack[:len(stack)-1]
        }
        if len(stack) > 0 {
            res = append(res, ch)
        }
        if ch == '(' {
            stack = append(stack, ch)
        }
    }
    return string(res)
}

34. Find First and Last Position of Element in Sorted Array

Description

Given an array of integers nums sorted in non-decreasing order, find the starting and ending position of a given target value.

If target is not found in the array, return [-1, -1].

You must write an algorithm with O(log n) runtime complexity.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [5,7,7,8,8,10], target = 8
Output: [3,4]

Example 2:

Input: nums = [5,7,7,8,8,10], target = 6
Output: [-1,-1]

Example 3:

Input: nums = [], target = 0
Output: [-1,-1]

Constraints:

• 0 <= nums.length <= 10^5

• -10^9 <= nums[i] <= 10^9

• nums is a non-decreasing array.

• -10^9 <= target <= 10^9

Solution

Approach #0

func binarySearch(nums []int, target int, lower bool) (res int) {
    res = len(nums)
    for i, j := 0, len(nums)-1; i <= j; {
        mid := (i + j) / 2
        if nums[mid] > target || (lower && nums[mid] >= target) {
            j = mid - 1
            res = mid
        } else {
            i = mid + 1
        }
    }
    return
}

func searchRange(nums []int, target int) []int {
    low := binarySearch(nums, target, true)
    high := binarySearch(nums, target, false) - 1
    if low <= high && high < len(nums) && nums[low] == nums[high] {
        return []int{low, high}
    }
    return []int{-1, -1}
}

Approach #1

func searchRange(nums []int, target int) []int {
    low := sort.SearchInts(nums, target)
    if low >= len(nums) || nums[low] != target {
        return []int{-1, -1}
    }
    high := sort.SearchInts(nums, target+1) - 1
    return []int{low, high}
}

33. Search in Rotated Sorted Array

Description

There is an integer array nums sorted in ascending order (with distinct values).

Prior to being passed to your function, nums is possibly rotated at an unknown pivot index k (1 <= k < nums.length) such that the resulting array is [nums[k], nums[k+1], ..., nums[n-1], nums[0], nums[1], ..., nums[k-1]] (0-indexed). For example, [0,1,2,4,5,6,7] might be rotated at pivot index 3 and become [4,5,6,7,0,1,2].

Given the array nums after the possible rotation and an integer target, return the index of target if it is in nums, or -1 if it is not in nums.

You must write an algorithm with O(log n) runtime complexity.

Example 1:

Input: nums = [4,5,6,7,0,1,2], target = 0
Output: 4

Example 2:

Input: nums = [4,5,6,7,0,1,2], target = 3
Output: -1

Example 3:

Input: nums = [1], target = 0
Output: -1

Constraints:

• 1 <= nums.length <= 5000

• -10^4 <= nums[i] <= 10^4

• All values of nums are unique.

• nums is an ascending array that is possibly rotated.

• -10^4 <= target <= 10^4

Solution

Approach #0

func search(nums []int, target int) int {
    n := len(nums)
    if n == 0 {
        return -1
    }
    if n == 1 {
        if nums[0] == target {
            return 0
        }
        return -1
    }

    for i, j := 0, n-1; i <= j; {
        mid := (i + j) / 2
        if nums[mid] == target {
            return mid
        }
        if nums[0] <= nums[mid] {
            if nums[0] <= target && target < nums[mid] {
                j = mid - 1
            } else {
                i = mid + 1
            }
        } else {
            if nums[mid] < target && target <= nums[n-1] {
                i = mid + 1
            } else {
                j = mid - 1
            }
        }
    }
    return -1
}

74. Search a 2D Matrix

Description

Write an efficient algorithm that searches for a value target in an m x n integer matrix matrix. This matrix has the following properties:

• Integers in each row are sorted from left to right.

• The first integer of each row is greater than the last integer of the previous row.

Example 1:

Input: matrix = [[1,3,5,7],[10,11,16,20],[23,30,34,60]], target = 3
Output: true

Example 2:

Input: matrix = [[1,3,5,7],[10,11,16,20],[23,30,34,60]], target = 13
Output: false

Constraints:

• m == matrix.length

• n == matrix[i].length

• 1 <= m, n <= 100

• -10^4 <= matrix[i][j], target <= 10^4

Solution

Approach #0

func searchMatrix(matrix [][]int, target int) bool {
    m, n := len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
    i, j := -1, m-1
    for i < j {
        mid := (j-i+1)/2 + i
        if matrix[mid][0] <= target {
            i = mid
        } else {
            j = mid - 1
        }
    }
    if i == -1 {
        return false
    }
    for p, q := 0, n-1; p <= q; {
        mid := (p-q)/2 + q
        if matrix[i][mid] == target {
            return true
        }
        if matrix[i][mid] > target {
            q = mid - 1
        } else {
            p = mid + 1
        }
    }
    return false
}

Approach #1

func searchMatrix(matrix [][]int, target int) bool {
    m, n := len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
    row := sort.Search(m, func(i int) bool { return matrix[i][0] > target }) - 1
    if row < 0 {
        return false
    }
    column := sort.SearchInts(matrix[row], target)
    return column < n && matrix[row][column] == target
}

Approach #2

func searchMatrix(matrix [][]int, target int) bool {
    m, n := len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
    i := sort.Search(m*n, func(i int) bool { return matrix[i/n][i%n] >= target })
    return i < m*n && matrix[i/n][i%n] == target
}